Steering the Experience: Cannabinoids and Terpenes

THC is the primary intoxicating compound in cannabis—the one responsible for the "high." But it does much more than create euphoria. THC has powerful potential as a pain reliever, sleep aid, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nausea agent. It may also reduce muscle spasms, improve appetite, and protect the brain. Individual responses to THC can vary widely, which is why starting with a low dose and gradually increasing is often recommended.

CBG is often referred to as the “mother cannabinoid” because it’s the precursor to THC and CBD. Though typically found in smaller amounts, CBG is a potent compound with antibacterial, antidepressant, and neuroprotective properties. It’s shown promise in treating inflammation, skin disorders, and digestive issues, and is often described as alerting or energizing, rather than sedating.

THCA is the raw, unheated form of THC. It’s abundant in fresh cannabis and converts to THC when exposed to heat (a process called decarboxylation). THCA is non-intoxicating and difficult to study due to its instability, but early research suggests it may have anti-inflammatory, anti-nausea, and neuroprotective effects.

A note about THCA:

 Because most cannabis laws only restrict delta-9 THC, many hemp companies have begun selling THCA-rich flower that falls below the federal limit of 0.3% delta-9 THC. This legal gray area has enabled the sale of potent products in states where cannabis remains illegal. While THCA remains federally legal under current definitions, some states have started regulating or banning THCA by including all forms of THC forms—both active and potential—in their laws. 

A non-intoxicating cannabinoid related to CBD, CBDV is gaining attention for its anticonvulsant properties. Early animal studies suggest it could help with epilepsy and nerve pain, especially when used alongside CBD.       

Non-intoxicating and often overlooked, CBC contributes to cannabis’s anti-inflammatory and mood-enhancing effects. When paired with THC or CBN, CBC may enhance pain relief and even elevate THC levels in the brain. It also shows promise for acne, fungal infections, and cancer-related research.

 Beta-myrcene is one of the most abundant terpenes in cannabis and is known for its earthy, musky aroma with hints of ripe fruit. Often associated with deeply relaxing and sedating effects, myrcene is frequently found in strains used for pain relief, stress, and sleep. It also has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and muscle-relaxant properties. Some researchers believe its presence may be key in promoting the classic “couch-lock” sensation. 

Beta-caryophyllene stands out from other terpenes because it can directly bind to CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, giving it cannabinoid-like effects. It has a peppery, spicy aroma and is commonly found in black pepper, cloves, and oregano. Known for its strong anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, beta-caryophyllene may also support immune function and has shown promise in managing anxiety and addiction.

Beta-pinene shares its sharp, pine-like aroma with its sibling alpha-pinene but tends to have a slightly more herbal, woody scent. It’s found in many of the same plants—like rosemary, parsley, and basil—and is often present in cannabis alongside alpha-pinene. Beta-pinene has strong antimicrobial properties and may also support cognitive function and memory. It’s believed to help offset some of the short-term memory loss associated with high-THC cannabis strains and is a useful terpene for those seeking mental clarity and focus. 

Humulene has an earthy, woody aroma that’s often associated with hops—the same plant used to flavor beer. Found in cannabis, cloves, and basil, humulene is known for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. It may also suppress appetite, making it an interesting contrast to other cannabis compounds that increase hunger. Humulene is often found in strains that promote a calm body without strong sedation.

 Terpinolene is a terpene with a complex aroma—a mix of pine, citrus, and floral notes. Unlike more sedative terpenes, terpinolene is often associated with alertness or mental clarity in people, despite showing calming effects in animal models. It has antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, and early studies suggest potential anticancer activity. It’s commonly found in "sativa-dominant" cannabis.

Eucalyptol has a fresh, minty scent and is the main terpene found in eucalyptus trees. Though present in small amounts in cannabis, it offers big benefits. Eucalyptol is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and pain-relieving properties. It may also support memory and cognitive function, and is being studied for potential roles in treating Alzheimer’s disease. You’ll find it in strains with crisp, cooling aromas.

Beta-caryophyllene oxide is the oxidized version of beta-caryophyllene and carries a spicy, herbal scent with earthy undertones. It's found in lemon balm, cloves, and eucalyptus, and is notably one of the compounds that drug-sniffing dogs are trained to detect. Like its precursor, it shows anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity—particularly in treating fungal nail infections. Recent studies suggest it may act as a strong CB2 receptor agonist and be even more effective than beta-caryophyllene in reducing alcohol consumption in animal models, pointing to potential in addiction treatment and immune regulation.

Camphene smells like fir needles and damp woodlands. It’s commonly used in traditional medicine for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, especially when paired with vitamin C. Camphene has shown potential for supporting cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It’s also used topically to ease skin issues like eczema and psoriasis, offering soothing and protective benefits.

Terpineol has a floral, lilac-like aroma with subtle citrus and mint notes. Known for its relaxing effects, this terpene is thought to contribute to the "couch-lock" sensation in some cannabis strains. Terpineol also has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. It’s widely used in perfumes and cosmetics for both its scent and skin-friendly benefits.

Geraniol smells like roses, peaches, and plums. It’s found in lemongrass, tobacco, and many fragrant herbs. In addition to its sweet, floral fragrance, geraniol may offer antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. It’s commonly used in aromatherapy, bath products, and lotions, and may help fight oxidative stress and support brain health.